Diseases & Conditions

Dyshidrosis, also known as pompholyx or dyshidrotic eczema, is a chronic skin condition characterised by clusters of small, fluid-filled blisters appearing primarily on the sides of fingers and palms. In some cases, the soles of feet may also be involved. The itchy blisters typically last 2-4 weeks before resolving, only to periodically recur again. Episodes can range from mild to severe based on the number and size of blisters. First-line treatment involves prescription topical corticosteroid creams, ointments or lotions applied to affected areas as directed by a medical provider. Milder cases may see relief with over-the-counter moisturisers alone. Additional options for persistent or more extensive dyshidrosis may include phototherapy (light therapy), oral antihistamines and antibiotics, or intralesional corticosteroid injections in rare cases of severe recalcitrant disease. 

Dry skin, or xerosis, lacks sufficient oils and natural moisturisers. This compromises the protective barrier of the skin and leads to excessive water evaporation from the skin. Clinically, dry skin is characterised by a rough, scaly texture upon examination. It may feel tight, tight, or “drawn”. The skin often looks dull or flaky. Areas that tend to be most commonly affected include the lower legs, arms, hands, and face. However, dry skin can occur all over the body in severe cases. On a microscopic level, dry skin cells are flattened and compacted instead of plump and well-lubricated. The skin’s natural moisturising factor levels are decreased. This disrupts the skin barrier function and impairs the skin’s ability to retain intrinsic moisture levels. Dry skin is a very prevalent condition. Over half of all adults are estimated to experience some degree of dry skin at some point. It is not a severe medical issue on its own but can negatively impact the quality of life through physical discomfort and aesthetic concerns if left unmanaged. Therefore, proper treatment focuses on repairing the skin barrier and maintaining adequate hydration. This helps improve the appearance and feel of chronically dry skin over time.

Substance use disorder (SUD), or drug addiction, is a chronic relapsing brain disease characterised by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. Common drugs include alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, and illegal substances. SUD often begins through experimental or social use of legal/illegal drugs. For some, prescription medication misuse leads to addiction. Accordingly, the risk and onset of addiction vary – opioids carry a higher risk and faster onset than other drugs. Over time, tolerance develops, requiring larger doses to achieve the same effects. Then, psychological and physical dependence emerges as the brain adapts to drug presence. Attempting to stop use then causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms without the drug. As addiction progresses, compulsive drug cravings and use take priority over other life obligations and activities. Controlling drug intake is lost, leading to uncontrollable behaviour which harms the addict’s health, occupation and society. Recovery from SUD requires long-term changes – it’s a lifelong struggle. Seeking medical detox and evidence-based treatment such as cognitive behavioural therapy, medication, and support groups from family/friends can help achieve and maintain abstinence. Ongoing care is important for sustained remission.

Diabetes, simply known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic diseases that increase sugar levels in the blood. Glucose, derived from foods containing carbohydrates, is the primary source of energy for our cells, tissues, and brain. Hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels result from insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin’s effects and can damage various organs and tissues over time if not properly managed. The specific causes of diabetes depend on its type. The two main chronic types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes involves gradually developing insulin resistance, frequently linked to obesity and a lack of exercise.  Prediabetes is a high-risk state defined by blood glucose levels that are higher than usual but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis. Without changing one’s lifestyle, prediabetes frequently progresses to type 2 diabetes within a few years. Besides, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. While it usually resolves after giving birth, women with gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Dehydration occurs when fluid loss exceeds intake, preventing the body from performing normal physiological functions. Replenishing lost fluids is critical to avoid dehydration. Young children are especially vulnerable due to rapid fluid loss from diarrhea and vomiting. Older adults naturally have lower total body water and often take medications or have medical conditions that impair fluid balance. Even minor illnesses can precipitate dehydration in this group. Dehydration can affect individuals of any age in hot weather environments without adequate hydration, especially with strenuous physical exertion. Sweat leads to fluid and electrolyte depletion under these conditions. Oral rehydration therapy involving increased fluid consumption often manages mild to moderate dehydration. However, severe dehydration constitutes a medical emergency requiring prompt evaluation and intravenous fluid resuscitation to prevent further health complications. At-risk groups should take preventative measures and seek care promptly for any concerning symptoms. Staying well-hydrated helps maintain homeostasis and overall health.

De Quervain tenosynovitis is a painful condition affecting the tendons on the wrist’s thumb side. If you’re experiencing this condition, you may feel pain when you rotate your wrist, grip objects, or make a fist. While the exact cause of de Quervain tenosynovitis is unknown, any activity involving repetitive hand or wrist movement – like gardening, golf, playing racket sports, or carrying a baby – can aggravate it.

If you experience leg pain or swelling, it could be a sign of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT happens when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in your body, typically in your legs. It’s possible to have DVT without noticeable symptoms. Certain medical conditions can cause DVT by affecting how your blood clots. However, it can also develop if you don’t move for an extended period. This may happen during long-distance travel or if you’re on bed rest after surgery, illness, or an accident. DVT is a serious condition because blood clots in your veins can break free and travel through your bloodstream. If a clot gets stuck in your lungs, it can block blood flow and cause a pulmonary embolism. It’s known as venous thromboembolism (VTE) when DVT and pulmonary embolism occur together.

Dandruff is a prevalent skin condition that leads to the flaking of the skin on the scalp. While it may not be contagious or life-threatening, it can be a source of embarrassment and challenging to manage. Fortunately, mild dandruff can be conveniently treated by using a gentle shampoo daily. If this fails, a medicated shampoo could be a better option. However, it’s important to note that even with treatment, symptoms may recur at a later time. It is worth noting that dandruff is a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis. Understanding this can be helpful in treating and managing the condition effectively.