What is atrophic gastritis?

Atrophic gastritis is a condition in which the stomach’s inner lining becomes chronically inflamed. This leads to degeneration, thinning, and the gradual loss of glands responsible for secreting acid and digestive enzymes. As these glands atrophy, the stomach’s ability to digest and absorb nutrients is significantly impaired.

Atrophic gastritis is considered an advanced stage of chronic gastritis and can set the stage for more serious complications such as intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer.

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Causes of atrophic gastritis

There are several causes of atrophic gastritis, the most common include:

• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection: This is the main cause of chronic inflammation leading to gland atrophy.
• Autoimmune factors: The body produces antibodies that attack the stomach’s glandular cells.
• Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Overuse of medications like ibuprofen and naproxen can damage the gastric lining.
• Unhealthy lifestyle: Alcohol consumption, smoking, irregular eating habits, and a diet low in vegetables and fiber.
• Other factors: Being over 50 years old and having a family history of gastric Cancer increases the risk.

Symptoms of atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis may be silent or present with symptoms such as:

• Bloating, abdominal distension, and indigestion after meals.
• Nausea, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss.
• Dull, persistent pain in the upper abdomen.
• Anemia (due to reduced absorption of vitamin B12).
• Bad breath or a metallic taste in the mouth.

Because symptoms are often vague, many people are unaware of the disease until complications arise.

Diagnosis of atrophic gastritis

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is key to accurately diagnosing atrophic gastritis:

• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: Allows direct observation of the gastric mucosa; biopsies can be taken to detect H. pylori infection, intestinal metaplasia, or pre-cancerous lesions.
• Biopsy: Mucosal samples are examined under a microscope to assess the degree of atrophy, detect H. pylori, and identify pre-cancerous changes such as intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia.
• Blood tests: Used to check for Anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
• Breath test: Detects the presence of H. pylori bacteria.

How to prevent atrophic gastritis

• Screen for and thoroughly treat H. pylori infection if present
• Maintain a healthy diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, reduce salt intake, and limit processed foods.
• Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
• Do not overuse pain relievers or anti-inflammatory medications.
• Have regular health check-ups, especially if you have a history of chronic gastritis or a family history of gastric cancer.

Frequently asked questions

Is Atrophic gastritis dangerous?

Atrophic gastritis reduces the stomach’s digestive and absorptive functions, leading to malnutrition and anemia. More importantly, if left untreated, it can progress to intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer.

Is atrophic gastritis a precancerous condition?

Atrophic gastritis, particularly when accompanied by intestinal metaplasia or cellular dysplasia, is considered a pre-cancerous lesion. While not all cases lead to cancer, the risk is significantly increased, making regular monitoring and treatment essential.

This article was medically reviewed by Dr. Phan Tan Huan, Specialist Level I in General Surgery and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy – Hoan My Gold PXL Medical Center.

For consultation or to schedule an appointment, please contact Hoan My Gold PXL hotline: 0901 840 678 or book an appointment at link.