Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an infection of the lung parenchyma that occurs outside the hospital setting, including inflammation of the alveoli, alveolar ducts and sacs, terminal bronchioles, or the lung interstitium. This is a common cause of death among older adults if not detected and treated early.

Causes of community-acquired pneumonia

The causative agents may include: bacteria (most commonly Streptococcus pneumoniae), viruses (such as influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2), parasites, or fungi.

Note: Community-acquired pneumonia does not include cases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis).

Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia

  • Older adults, especially those aged 65 and above, due to age-related decline in immune function.
  • Long-term smoking, which damages the lungs and increases susceptibility to infections.
  • Frequent alcohol abuse, which weakens the lungs’ defense mechanisms.
  • Underlying medical conditions such as COPD, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • Immunocompromised individuals: HIV infection, organ transplant recipients, patients undergoing chemotherapy, or long-term corticosteroid use.

Common symptoms to watch out for

Typical symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia include:

  • Productive cough with yellow or green sputum.
  • High fever above 38°C, accompanied by chills and shivering.
  • Shortness of breath, rapid or labored breathing, especially during exertion.
  • Chest pain, more pronounced when taking deep breaths or coughing.
  • In older adults, symptoms may be atypical – such as confusion, altered mental status, or unusual fatigue.

Dangerous complications if not treated promptly

Community-acquired pneumonia not only affects respiratory function but may also lead to serious complications impacting both physical and mental health, including:

  • Sepsis.
  • Severe pulmonary complications such as pleural effusion, empyema, lung abscess, and respiratory failure.
  • Extrapulmonary complications such as endocarditis and venous thrombosis.

Effective prevention of community-acquired pneumonia

  • Receive full vaccination, including seasonal influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, to reduce the risk of pneumonia.
  • Thoroughly treat infections of the ear, nose, throat, and oral cavity.
  • Maintain a healthy lifestyle: avoid smoking, limit alcohol consumption, and avoid stimulants to protect the immune system and respiratory tract.
  • Properly control underlying conditions such as diabetes, COPD, and asthma to reduce the risk of severe complications.
  • Seek medical attention early when symptoms appear and strictly follow the doctor’s treatment instructions.
  • Actively prevent infection by washing hands frequently, wearing masks in crowded places, and avoiding close contact with people showing signs of infection.

If you experience any symptoms related to acute sinusitis, please visit a medical facility for timely examination and treatment. Early detection, adequate treatment, and daily sinus hygiene are the best ways to protect your health.

This article was medically reviewed by MSc., MD. Nguyen Dinh Chinh – ENT Specialist, Hoan My Gold PXL Medical Center.

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